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Definitions (33)
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Absolute risk reduction
Absolute difference in the rate of events between the control and intervention group. ARR = events in control group minus events in intervention group back to top
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Bayes theorem
The estimate of the likelihood of a disease is increased or decreased by the results of a test.
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bias
A systematic error that leads to results that do not represent the true findings. See lead time
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BLINDING
Single Blind Study Design:
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Case-control studies
Retrospective studies beginning with people who have a disease and controls who are similar but do not have the disease. The investigator then looks retrospectively to see what proportion in each grou [..]
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causality
Determination of causality Suspected cause precedes disease.
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COHORT STUDIES
Observational studies, prospective or retrospective, in which groups are assembled according to exposure or lack of exposure, then followed longitudinally to determine outcomes (e.g., fractions who de [..]
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confidence interval
Usually calculated as "95% confidence intervals", indicating that there is a 95% probability that the effect of treatment in the whole population lies within the stated range. The CI is affe [..]
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Confounders
Patient characteristics that may affect the results a study is trying to measure. Because these factors may be unevenly distributed (non-random) between study groups, they can decrease the validity of [..]
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Cost-effectiveness
Evaluates the outcomes and costs of interventions intended to improve health. Often framed as the resources required to achieve a set quantity of a specific health outcome. back to top
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