System of matter consisting of a number of electrons surrounding a very small, positively charged nucleus; the smallest unit that can be identified uniquely as a chemical element (Martin).

A sub-class of hadrons. They are heavier particles which experience the strong nuclear force and include the proton and neutron. They are composed of triplets of quarks (Baggott).

Particles involved in the transmission of forces between matter particles and characterized by integer spin quantum numbers (1, 2, 3… etc.) and, as such, are not subject to Pauli’s exclusion principle [..]

Particles involved in the transmission of forces between matter particles and characterized by integer spin quantum numbers (1, 2, 3… etc.) and, as such, are not subject to Pauli’s exclusion principle [..]

European Center for Nuclear Research (actually particle physics research) in Geneva, Switzerland (Martin).

Fundamental property possessed by quarks and some leptons and bosons. Electric charge comes in two varieties – positive and negative – and the flow of negative charge is the basis for electricity and [..]

Fundamental force of nature governing the interaction between electrically charged particles, mediated by the exchange of photons (Martin).

Generic term for any particle with half—integer spin values (1/2, 3/2…etc.), such as the electron, or muon (Martin).

Region of space-time that has been assigned some physical property (Martin).

Spin-1 ‘force carrier’ of the fundamental strong interaction (Martin).