is a material or substance that has one or more sufficiently homogeneous and well established property values so that it may be used to calibrate an analytical instrument, to assess a measurement meth [..]

has had its composition certified by a recognized standardizing agency, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

is a technique that determines elemental concentrations of major, minor, and trace elements in the sample. In theory, the technique can be used to detect all elements, except argon and is used for sim [..]

is the ability of a metal to deform to a permanent position before it fractures.

is maximum stress that a material can sustain without any permanent deformation remaining after complete release of the stress.

is the amount of permanent deformation determined after fracture by realigning and fitting together the broken ends of the specimen.

is measured at the time of fracture and includes both permanent and elastic deformation of the tensile specimen. This is usually determined by keeping an extensometer on the specimen through the final [..]

progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading.

is the original length of that portion of the specimen over which the strain or the change of length is determined.

is the resistance of a material to deformation, particularly permanent deformation, indentation or scratching.