Brush, fallen trees, bridge pilings, or anything else that allows the current to sweep through but pins boots and boaters. These are lethal.

Pertaining to material carried or laid down by running water. Alluvium is the material deposited by streams. It includes gravel, sand, silt, and clay.

A broad reversal such as that formed below a dam or ledge.

An accumulation of sand, gravel, or rock in the river channel or along the banks.

An accumulation of sand, gravel, or rock in the river channel or along the banks.

An accumulation of sand, gravel, or rock in the river channel or along the banks.

The width of a raft at its widest point.

To wrap a line around a rock or tree so as to slow or stop Slippage. This technique allows one man to hold a line under great pull.

Downriver from.

Short for Carabiner which means "clip" in Italian. In rafting, biners are used in rope and pulley rescue systems to secure things to a raft and as items of adornment in river guide apparel.