percentage of input photons which contribute to a desired effect

light emission which is not caused by heating

the phenomenon of double refraction, or the polarization dependence of the refractive index in a medium

a technique for measuring the strength of the Kerr nonlinearity of a material, relying on self-focusing

interferometers using broadband light inputs

light sources with very broad optical bandwidth

devices for precise measurements of laser wavelengths

the phase delay per unit length, or that quantity divided by 2π

transparent plates with a defined amount of birefringence, used for modifying the polarization of light

spatially inhomogeneous transparent structures for guiding light