Variations in one or more physical or mechanical properties with direction

The piece of sheet metal, produced in cutting dies, that is to be subjected to further press operations. A blank may have a specific shape developed to facilitate forming or to eliminate a trimming operation subsequent to forming

That part of a forming die which holds the blank by pressure against a mating surface of the die to control metal flow and prevent wrinkling. The blank holder is sometimes referred to as “hold down” or binder area. Pressure is applied by mechanical means, springs, air, or fluid cushions

The act of cutting a blank

A process of cold forming metals in which the metal is shaped between two dies in such a manner as to fill the depression of both dies in relief by displacement of the material

A press forming operation in which a cup shaped part is produced from sheet metal. Cupping is often the first operation in the production of a complex deep drawn part

A drawing operation where a part is produced from a blank by the action of a punch in which the sheet is pulled into a die cavity and the flange of the blank is compressed in the circumferential direction. The area directly under the punch remains undeformed

A flat blank with a shape that will produce a finished part with the desired configuration and a minimum of trimming operations

(a) A complete set of stations (tool) used in a press for any operation or series of operations, such as forming, impressing, piercing and cutting. The upper member(s) are attached to the slide(s) of the press and the lower member is clamped or bolted to the bed or bolster with the die members being so shaped as to cut or form the material placed b [..]

The ability of a sheet to form cup-shaped parts by the action of a punch under conditions that cause the flange or a portion of the flange to be drawn into the die cavity