A death rate for a defined population that has been standardized to remove the confounding effects of differences in age and other factors as much as possible, so that two or more populations can be compared.

The quality of outdoor air, typically measured near ground level and away from direct sources of pollution.

A cellular, biochemical, or molecular indicator of a particular biological condition or process. These indicators can be measured accurately, and are often characterized as biomarkers of exposure, effect, or susceptibility.

A biochemical, physiological, behavioural, or other alteration in an organism associated with an established or potential health effect caused by exposure to a chemical, physical, or infectious agent (e.g. blood cholinesterase levels following organophosphate pesticide exposures).

A chemical or its metabolite(s) not normally found in an organism that can be measured to determine the level of exposure to the chemical (e.g. lead detected in a  blood sample).

A physiological or biochemical indicator of a natural characteristic that may make an organism more likely to be affected by a chemical, physical, or infectious agent (e.g. genetic factors).

A statistical method used to compare a continuous dependent variable with an independent variable. When the data compared are depicted on a graph as a regression line, the independent variable is plotted on the x-axis and the dependent variable is plotted on the y-axis.

The proportion of cases of a specified condition that are fatal within a specified time. Usually expressed as a percentage.

The study of subsets of a defined population. In an epidemiological study, some subjects might be exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor (e.g. an environmental contaminant) hypothesized to influence a given outcome (e.g. a disease). Usually large numbers of subjects are observed over a long period (commonly years),  which permits a c [..]

Edible plants, berries, mammals, fish, and waterfowl harvested from the local environment. These foods play a critical role in the social, cultural, spiritual, economic, and nutritional well-being in many Aboriginal communities.