Voltage across the phase winding.

In a brushless DC (BLDC) machine, the advance angle defines the timing of the current commutation in relation to the rotor position.

Diameter from the middle of the airgap to the middle of the airgap on the opposite side

Distance between the rotor surface and stator surface

Average length of a conductor including the length of the end-winding.

The coil span is the distance between one conductor of a certain phase and the corresponding return conductor.

In Emetor, a winding is called concentrated winding when the number of slots per pole per phase is fractional and strictly lower than 1.

Conductor losses result from Joule heating of electrical currents in the conductors of electrical machine windings.

Loss of magnetization of permanent magnets due to high temperatures or inappropriate operating conditions.

The electrical frequency is the fundamental frequency of the current and voltage at the machine terminals measured in [Hz].