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Intentional act of attempting to bypass one or more computer security controls.

To verify the identity of a user, user device, or other entity, or the integrity of data stored, transmitted, or otherwise exposed to unauthorized modification in an information system, or to establish the validity of a transmission.

Security measure designed to establish the validity of a transmission, message, or originator, or a means of verifying an individual's authorization to receive specific categories of information.

Hidden software or hardware mechanism used to circumvent security controls. Synonymous with trap door.

Action, device, procedure, technique or other measure that reduces the vulnerability of an information system.

A form of attack that is encoded in seemingly innocuous data which is executed by a user or a process to implement an attack. A data driven attack is a concern for firewalls, since it may get through the firewall in data form and launch an attack against a system behind the firewall.

Result of any action or series of actions that prevents any part of an information system from functioning.

An attack that uses a brute-force technique of successively trying all the words in some large, exhaustive list.

Assuming the DNS name of another system by either corrupting the name service cache of a victim system, or by compromising a domain name server for a valid domain.