A common term for "bender" or flexure element. Two layers of piezoceramic with or without a center shim.

Referring to capacitance measurement on piezoelectric sample, the capacitance value obtained with sample being totally free of mechanical constraint during measurement process.

Referring to capacitance measurement on a piezoelectric sample, the capacitance value obtained with sample being totally constrained from motion (i.e., "clamped") during measurement.

Relating to a uniform ferroelectric material, the electric field required to oppose and bring to zero the internal polarization.

see "s" Constant

A dimensionless number related to the effectiveness of electrical to mechanical energy conversion in nonresonant piezoelectric devices.

Temperature at which the crystal structure undergoes a phase change from non-symmetrical lattice (such as tetragonal) to symmetrical lattice (such as cubic). Drastic dielectric and piezoelectric coefficient changes accompany this phase change.

In reference to piezoceramics, the mass per unit volume of a fired ceramic body. High density is an important measure of the quality and uniformity of ceramic material because it indicates the absence of microscopic pores which weaken the ceramic and cause poling difficulties.

see "K" Constant (capital "K"!)

Class of crystalline materials which possess an internal polarization which can be reversed by an externally applied field, i.e., a crystalline material which can be poled. All of the commonly used piezoceramics are ferroelectric.