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Ends of springs where the pitch of the end coils is reduced so that the end coils touch. Close-wound

Is the stress state when the material tends to compact (volume decrease). A simple case of compression is the uniaxial compression induced by the action of opposite, pushing forces. Most materials can carry compressive stress, Deflection

Being capable of sustaining large plastic deformations without fracture. It is characterized by the material flowing under shear stress. Elastic deformation

Maximum stress to which a material may be subjected without permanent set. Elastic modulus

Maximum stress at which any given material may operate indefinitely without failure for a given minimum stress. Fatigue

The overall length of a spring in the unloaded position. Ground ends

Fixturing a spring at elevated temperature to minimize loss of load at operating temperature. Helical Torsion Springs

This is the minimum diameter of the hole in which spring can work Hot-wound springs

Hydrogen absorbed in electroplating or pickling of carbon steels, tending to make the spring material brittle and susceptible to cracking and failure. Hysteresis